Table of Content

20 March 2026, Volume 21 Issue 3

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Multifunctional Integration Rehabilitation Brain-Computer Interface for Stroke: Application Exploration and New Horizons

JIA Jie

2026, 21(3):  257-262.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5765.2026.03.001

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Post-stroke functional impairments are multifaceted and interact with one another, often limiting the efficacy of conventional rehabilitation approaches. Consequently, the integration of diverse functions has emerged as a core developmental direction of rehabilitation brain-computer interfaces for stroke. This technology centers on multimodal neural signals, integrating intelligent decoding and multi-device coordination to enable multidimensional rehabilitation training. This integration is achieved through multimodal data, a unified hardware platform, and intelligent algorithms, with the goal of establishing a closed-loop rehabilitation system and realizing personalized full-cycle stroke management. Currently, multifunctional integration rehabilitation brain-computer interface has achieved remarkable progress. However, technical and clinical limitations persist, including difficulties in decoding cross-functional signals and a lack of unified clinical standards. Technological breakthroughs and clinical translation can be propelled by optimizing decoding systems, developing full-cycle personalized regulation plan, establishing an integrated paradigm for diagnosis, treatment, and evaluation, and strengthening brain-device-body synergistic integration. This technology aligns with national health strategies. Future efforts should focus on optimizing devices, reducing costs, and promoting dissemination to the community level to build a full-cycle rehabilitation service network. Through these Chinese solutions, the advancement of neurological rehabilitation towards a more holistic and precise paradigm can be promoted.



Exploration and Practice of Multifunctional Brain-Computer Interface in Stroke

JIA Jie

2026, 21(3):  263-263. 

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Electroencephalographic Characteristics of Urination and Defecation Motor Tasks in Stroke Patients Using a Brain-Computer Interface

XUE Chuan, ZHANG Chunhua, HAN Yun, HAN Junting, WANG Shanshan, LYU Lei, JIA Jie

2026, 21(3):  264-272.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5765.2026.03.002

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Objective  This study explores the electroencephalographic (EEG) characteristics of stroke patients during urination and defecation motor tasks using brain-computer interface (BCI) technology. By elucidating the central neural mechanisms underlying the control of excretion, this research aims to construct a BCI paradigm for urination and defecation motor tasks suitable for stroke patients, and to provide novel insights for the rehabilitation of post-stroke patients suffering from urination and defecation dysfunction.
Methods  Stroke patients admitted to the Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, and the Shandong Provincial Third Hospital between September 2024 and April 2025 were enrolled.  All patients were instructed to perform urination and defecation motor tasks, while their EEG features were recorded. By analyzing electroencephalography brain maps, time-frequency plots, and event-related spectral perturbation values, this study elucidates the temporal characteristics of EEG signals during the initiation and maintenance of these motor tasks, as well as the differences in frequency characteristics within the α (8-13 Hz), β1 (＞13-20 Hz), and β2 (＞20-30 Hz) frequency bands.
Results  A total of 14 stroke patients were enrolled in this study, comprising five females and nine males, with a mean age of (52.7±14.4) years. Electroencephalography brain maps analysis revealed that both urination/defecation retention and voiding tasks induced significant event-related desynchronization (ERD). These responses exhibited distinct spatiotemporal and spectral characteristics across the α, β1, and β2 frequency bands. Specifically, the task initiation phase (0-2 s) elicited widespread activation across all frequency bands, whereas the task maintenance phase (＞2-5 s) was predominantly concentrated in the α frequency band. Furthermore, the frontal cortex demonstrated sustained engagement in the β2 frequency band during the inhibitory control of urination and defecation.
Conclusions  This study elucidates the staged dynamic neural mechanisms underlying urination and defecation motor control. It reveals that, upon the initiation of urination and defecation motor tasks, stroke patients exhibit ERD bursts within the α, β1, and β2 frequency bands. These findings provide a significant theoretical foundation for the design and application of BCI systems.




Feasibility Analysis of a Sensorimotor Integration-Based Brain-Computer Interface for Upper Limb Rehabilitation after Stroke

GUO Ziqi, XUE Chuan, XU Haoran, LYU Lei, TONG Dongshen, JIA Jie

2026, 21(3):  273-282.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5765.2026.03.003

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Objective  This study aimed to investigate the effects of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) sensory input during the motor preparation phase on cortical excitability, corticomuscular coherence (CMC), and motor performance in stroke patients performing distal upper limb fine movements, thereby providing evidence for the design of sensorimotor integration-based rehabilitation brain-computer interfaces. 
Methods  This study enrolled stroke patients with hand dysfunction who were hospitalized or treated in the outpatient clinic of the Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Ninghai NO.2 Hospital in July 2024. A 32-channel high-precision bioelectrical acquisition system was employed to simultaneously record electroencephalography and electromyography (EMG) signals from the affected extensor digitorum, flexor digitorum, biceps brachii, and triceps brachii muscles. Under conditions with and without NMES sensory input, patients randomly performed fine finger extension tasks of the affected side at 20% of maximal voluntary contraction. Task-related CMC, event-related desynchronization (ERD)/event-related synchronization (ERS), and EMG parameters (activation level, fluctuation, and rise time) were analyzed to identify differences between the two conditions.
Results  Six subacute stroke patients were included, consisting of four males with a mean age of (67.8±4.1) years. Sensory input induced frequency band and muscle-group specific reorganization of CMC: the distal muscles exhibited enhanced CMC in the low-β band (13-20 Hz) (flexor digitorum-Cz at 12-14 Hz, P=0.011) and reduced CMC in the high-β band (＞20-30 Hz) [extensor digitorum-Cz at 20-24 Hz (P=0.012, P=0.043); extensor digitorum-C3 at 18-20 Hz (P=0.006) and 24-26 Hz (P=0.017)], while the proximal muscles showed decreased CMC at 8-10 Hz (P=0.024). The lesioned hemisphere demonstrated enhanced ERD in the high-β band (FC1 at 24-28 Hz, P=0.048, P=0.022), and Cz showed a shift from ERS to ERD in the 4-6 Hz band (P=0.028). Under the sensory input condition, the activation level of the biceps brachii significantly increased (P=0.036), with a slight reduction in EMG rise time of extensor digitorum.
Conclusions  Sensory input during the motor preparation phase can induce frequency band and spatially specific functional reorganization of the post-stroke sensorimotor network, characterized by reducing pathological synchronization in the lesioned hemisphere, enhancing cortical excitability, and differentially optimizing cortical drive strategies for distal and proximal muscle groups. These findings provide critical evidence for constructing sensorimotor integration-based rehabilitation brain-computer interface systems utilizing CMC and other neurophysiological indices as closed-loop feedback.




Rehabilitation Brain-Computer Interface Aligned with Dynamic Post-Stroke Recovery 

GUO Ziqi, XUE Chuan, XU Haoran, LYU Lei, JIA Jie

2026, 21(3):  283-292.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5765.2026.03.004

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Stroke is a leading cause of long-term disability in adults. Its rehabilitation is a dynamic process spanning the acute, subacute, and chronic phases, each with distinct neurophysiological characteristics and rehabilitation needs. Rehabilitation brain-computer interface (rBCI) technologies decode motor intentions from the brain of stroke patients and establish a direct communication pathway between the brain and external devices, providing innovative strategies for the rehabilitation of post-stroke dysfunction. However, the clinical application of rBCI in stroke rehabilitation requires that its intervention paradigms, signal acquisition, feature extraction, and real-time feedback be precisely matched to the dynamic course of stroke. This paper systematically reviews the adaptation and optimization strategies of rBCI tailored to the characteristics of different stroke phases (acute, subacute, and chronic phases). First, it describes the time windows of post-stroke neuroplasticity and the pathophysiological features of each phase. Second, it focuses on the application strategies, technical characteristics, and developmental trends of rBCI, specifically addressing monitoring, assessment, and early passive intervention in the acute phase; active sensorimotor circuit remodeling in the subacute phase; and functional optimization and generalization of application scenarios in the chronic phase. This review aims to provide a clear theoretical framework for clinicians and researchers, facilitating the understanding and advancement of the dynamic application of rBCI in the full-cycle rehabilitation of stroke.

Predictive Value and Mechanism of Plasma proBDNF, mBDNF, and t-PA Levels for Cognitive Impairment in Cerebral Small Vessel Disease 

XIONG Jing, LIU Feng, LI Xinrui, LIU Limin, LIU Hongming, LI Yunyuan

2026, 21(3):  293-302.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5765.2026.03.005

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Objective  To explore the predictive value and underlying mechanisms of plasma precursor of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (proBDNF), mature brain-derived neurotrophic factor (mBDNF), and tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) levels for cognitive impairment in cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD).
Methods  A cross-sectional case-control study was conducted to enroll CSVD patients admitted to the Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University from November 2021 to November 2022. The patients were classified into a CSVD with normal cognition group and a CSVD with cognitive impairment group based on their educational level and MoCA score. Meanwhile, eligible healthy volunteers receiving physical examination, as well as family members and caregivers of CSVD patients during the same period, were selected as the control group. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect plasma concentrations of proBDNF, mBDNF, and t-PA. The total CSVD burden was assessed by the total CSVD burden score (0-4 points), and cognitive function was evaluated by the MoCA. Analysis of covariance was performed to adjust for confounding factors and compare the differences in plasma biomarker levels among the three groups. Partial correlation analysis was applied to explore the correlations between plasma biomarker levels and MoCA scores. ROC curves were used to evaluate the discriminatory efficacy of plasma biomarker levels and the combined model in distinguishing CSVD with cognitive impairment from CSVD with normal cognition.
Results  A total of 131 subjects were enrolled, including 32 in the control group, 38 in the CSVD with normal cognition group, and 61 in the CSVD with cognitive impairment group. After adjusting for confounding factors, plasma proBDNF level in the CSVD with cognitive impairment group was lower than that in the CSVD with normal cognition group and the control group, and plasma mBDNF level was lower than that in the control group, whereas plasma t-PA level was higher than that in the control group (all P<0.05). Partial correlation analysis showed that plasma proBDNF and mBDNF levels were positively correlated with total MoCA scores (r=0.439, P<0.001; r=0.269, P=0.007), while plasma t-PA level was negatively correlated with total MoCA scores (r=-0.270, P=0.007). ROC curve analysis indicated that plasma proBDNF and t-PA levels had moderate predictive value in distinguishing CSVD with cognitive impairment from CSVD with normal cognition (AUC 0.709, P<0.001; AUC 0.684, P<0.001). The combined model constructed based on plasma levels of proBDNF, mBDNF, and t-PA, and the total CSVD burden score had the optimal predictive efficacy (AUC 0.844, 95%CI 0.779-0.908).
Conclusions  Reduced plasma proBDNF and mBDNF levels and elevated t-PA level were observed in CSVD patients with cognitive impairment, and the changes were associated with the severity of cognitive impairment. Plasma proBDNF and t-PA levels have moderate predictive value for cognitive impairment in CSVD, and the combined model incorporating the total CSVD burden score can effectively improve the predictive efficacy.




Safety and Efficacy Analysis of Perioperative Prophylactic Tirofiban Sequential Dual Antiplatelet Therapy in Stent-Assisted Coil Embolization for Intracranial Aneurysms

LI Jianfeng, ZHANG Huan

2026, 21(3):  303-311.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5765.2026.03.006

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Objective  To investigate the safety and efficacy of perioperative prophylactic tirofiban sequential dual antiplatelet therapy in stent-assisted coil embolization for intracranial aneurysms.
Methods   A retrospective cohort study consecutively enrolled patients with ruptured or vulnerable intracranial aneurysms who underwent stent-assisted coil embolization at People’s Hospital of Hunan Provincial between January 2020 and December 2023. Based on the perioperative antiplatelet strategy, patients were divided into the tirofiban sequential dual antiplatelet therapy (the aspirin plus clopidogrel) group and the aspirin plus dual antiplatelet therapy group. Baseline characteristics, including age, sex, smoking history, alcohol use, comorbidities, aneurysm location, maximum aneurysm diameter, and preoperative Hunt-Hess grade, were collected and compared between the two groups. The efficacy endpoints of perioperative antiplatelet therapy were thromboembolic events (intraoperative and within 3 days postoperatively) and delayed cerebral ischemia (3-14 days postoperatively). The safety endpoint was intracranial hemorrhage (intraoperative and within 3 days postoperatively).
Results  ①A total of 300 patients with intracranial aneurysms who underwent stent-assisted coil embolization and completed 15-day follow-up were ultimately enrolled in the study, including 86 males and 214 females. Of them, 175 patients (58%) received dual antiplatelet therapy after the decision for stent-assisted coil embolization, while 125 patients (42%) received intraoperative tirofiban infusion for antiplatelet aggregation followed by sequential dual antiplatelet therapy. ②One thromboembolic event (0.80%) occurred in the tirofiban sequential dual antiplatelet therapy group during the perioperative period, while 11 such events (6.29%) occurred in the dual antiplatelet therapy group. Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that the tirofiban sequential dual antiplatelet therapy group had a lower risk of thromboembolic events (OR 0.177, 95%CI 0.019-0.843, P=0.028). ③Two delayed cerebral ischemia events (1.60%) occurred in the tirofiban sequential dual antiplatelet therapy group during the perioperative period, while 13 such events (7.43%) occurred in the dual antiplatelet therapy group. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the tirofiban sequential dual antiplatelet therapy group showed a lower risk of delayed cerebral ischemia (OR 0.256, 95%CI 0.046-0.959, P=0.043). ④No intracranial hemorrhage events occurred in the tirofiban sequential dual antiplatelet therapy group during the perioperative period, while two such events (1.14%) occurred in the dual antiplatelet therapy group. Univariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated no statistically significant association between any included factor and perioperative intracranial hemorrhage events.
Conclusions  Perioperative prophylactic tirofiban sequential dual antiplatelet therapy may be safe and effective in stent-assisted coil embolization for intracranial aneurysms, and this strategy is worthy of further study.


Dynamic Effects of Lacunes of Presumed Vascular Origin on Health Status in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke

OU Ru, LIU Yimin, XU Zhijian, HUANG Wenchun

2026, 21(3):  312-319.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5765.2026.03.007

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Objective  To explore the correlation between lacunes of presumed vascular origin and health status in patients with acute ischemic stroke after onset, and to dynamically observe their effects on the recovery speed of health status, thereby providing a reference for the accurate assessment of health status after acute ischemic stroke.
Methods  Acute ischemic stroke patients hospitalized at the Sixth People’s Hospital of Nanhai District from July 2021 to July 2024 were prospectively and consecutively included. The lacunes of presumed vascular origin and other imaging indicators were recorded according to the results of brain MRI. At the same time, baseline data such as age, previous medical history, admission NIHSS score, and laboratory test results were also recorded. The patients’ health status was evaluated at 90 and 180 days after onset via telephone or outpatient follow-up using the European five-dimension five-level questionnaire (EQ-5D-5L), which evaluates five dimensions: mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to analyze the correlation between lacunes of presumed vascular origin (and other baseline indicators) and poor health status (defined as an EQ-5D-5L score≤0.5) at 90 days after onset. The recovery speed of health status at 180 days after onset was dynamically observed. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were also used to determine the correlation between lacunes of presumed vascular origin (and other baseline indicators) and slow recovery of health status (defined as the 180-day EQ‑5D‑5L score minus the 90-day EQ‑5D‑5L score≤0). Subgroup analysis was conducted to compare the incidence of poor health status at 90 days and the recovery speed of health status at 180 days among patients with mild versus severe lacunes of presumed vascular origin.
Results  A total of 682 acute ischemic stroke patients were enrolled, including 354 patients with lacunes of presumed vascular origin and 328 patients without. Among the patients, 376 had good health status at 90 days after onset, and 306 had poor health status. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that lacunes of presumed vascular origin were independent risk factors for poor health status at 90 days after onset (OR 1.632, 95%CI 1.107-2.406, P=0.013). Compared to the status at 90 days after onset, 241 patients (35.3%) showed slow recovery at 180 days after onset, including 144 patients with and 97 patients without lacunes of presumed vascular origin. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that lacunes of presumed vascular origin were independent risk factors for slow recovery of health status in patients with acute ischemic stroke (OR 1.324, 95%CI 1.035-1.696, P=0.026). Subgroup analysis revealed that at 90 days, the incidence of poor health status was higher in the severe lacunes of presumed vascular origin group than in the mild group (78.2% vs. 36.7%, P＜0.001). At 180 days, the proportion of patients with slow recovery of health status was also higher in the severe group than in the mild group (51.0% vs. 33.3%, P=0.001).
Conclusions  Lacunes of presumed vascular origin are independent risk factors for poor health status and slow recovery in patients with acute ischemic stroke after onset. The more severe the lacunes of presumed vascular origin, the higher the incidence of poor health status after stroke, and the slower the recovery of their health status.


Development and Validation of a Finite Element Model of the Lumbar Spine for Stroke Patients#br#

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ZHANG Nan, FENG Xuequan, BAO Chunyu, MENG Qinghua, ZHOU Luxing, YANG Zhiyuan

2026, 21(3):  320-330.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5765.2026.03.008

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Objective  To develop and validate a finite element (FE) model of the lumbar spine for stroke patients, providing a biomechanical basis for the formulation of rehabilitation training protocols.
Methods  A complete lumbar spine FE model was constructed based on CT and MRI images of T12-L5 in stroke patients. Kinematic data were captured using an eight-camera Qualisys three-dimensional motion capture system, and kinetic data were collected with a Kistler three-dimensional force platform to synchronously record the standing-to-flexion movement of stroke patients. A musculoskeletal model in OpenSim was employed to calculate the intervertebral compression force (ICF), intervertebral shear force (ISF), and muscle strength of local lumbar muscles (psoas major, latissimus dorsi, iliocostalis, longissimus thoracis, multifidus, and quadratus lumborum). The ICF, ISF, and muscle strength were applied as inputs to the lumbar spine FE model, and the lumbar spine stress distribution of stroke patients was calculated via FE analysis software.
Results  A total of 15 male stroke patients were enrolled, with a mean age of (61.5±3.5) years. The lumbar spine FE model analysis demonstrated that the bending and torsion range of motion on the affected side was lower than that on the healthy side in stroke patients. Significant stress distribution asymmetry was observed on the left and right sides of the vertebral bodies from L1 to L5 and the intervertebral nucleus pulposus, with significantly higher stress on the left side compared to the right.
Conclusions  This study established a lumbar spine FE model based on stroke patients’ CT and MRI imaging data and integrated muscle forces and joint reaction forces (ICF+ISF) derived from OpenSim for loading simulation. The model accurately reflects the stress distribution characteristics of the lumbar spine during standing-to-flexion movements in stroke patients, providing a reliable biomechanical foundation for further exploration of lumbar spine loading mechanisms and rehabilitation training strategies in these patients.




Correlation Analysis and Prediction Model Construction of Frailty Index, Nutritional Risk, and Nosocomial Infection Risk after Intravenous Thrombolysis in Elderly Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke

LI Li, DUAN Zhenhui, GAO Aihua, PAN Songbin

2026, 21(3):  331-337.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5765.2026.03.009

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Objective  To analyze the correlation between frailty index, nutritional risk, and the risk of post-stroke nosocomial infection in elderly patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS), and to construct a risk prediction model. 
Methods  This prospective observational study enrolled elderly patients (≥60 years) with AIS who were admitted to the Department of Neurology of Wuhan No.1 Hospital and received intravenous thrombolysis between January 2022 and December 2024. Patients were divided into an infection group and a non-infection group based on the occurrence of nosocomial infection after intravenous thrombolysis. Differences in general clinical data, characteristics on admission, treatment-related features, pre-treatment frailty status, nutritional risk, and inflammatory factor levels were compared between the two groups. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify independent risk factors associated with infection in elderly AIS patients and to construct a prediction model. The predictive performance of the model for infection was evaluated using the ROC curve analysis.
Results  A total of 201 elderly AIS patients were enrolled, with an age range of 60-76 years and a mean age of (66.3±3.3) years. The infection group comprised 68 patients (infection rate 33.8%), and the non-infection group comprised 133 patients. Compared to the non-infection group, the infection group had significantly higher values for the following parameters (P＜0.05): onset-to-needle time, age, proportion of patients with diabetes mellitus history, NIHSS score on admission, proportion with conscious disturbance, pre-treatment frailty index, proportion of frail patients, nutritional risk screening 2002 (NRS 2002) score, proportion of nutritional risk, and levels of C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, and IL-6. Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified the following as independent risk factors for nosocomial infection in elderly AIS patients: high frailty index (OR 5.812, 95%CI 1.959-35.207, P=0.015), high NRS 2002 score (OR 1.370, 95%CI 1.106-1.696, P=0.004), high procalcitonin level (OR 25.358, 95%CI 3.074-209.209, P=0.003), and high IL-6 level (OR 1.052, 95%CI 1.009-1.098, P=0.017). ROC curve analysis indicated that the prediction model, constructed based on these four factors, had an AUC of 0.834 (95%CI 0.771-0.896), with a sensitivity of 79.03% and a specificity of 81.00%, indicating good predictive performance.
Conclusions  A significant correlation exists between pre-thrombolysis frailty status, nutritional risk, and the risk of post-stroke nosocomial infection in elderly patients with AIS. The prediction model based on frailty index, nutritional risk score, and inflammatory factors shows high predictive efficacy for nosocomial infection risk in these patients.


Expert Recommendations on Evaluation and Improvement of Healthcare Quality for Reperfusion Therapy in Acute Ischemic Stroke (2026)

National Center for Healthcare Quality Management in Neurological Diseases, Medical Quality Management and Promotion Branch of the Chinese Stroke Association, Interventional Neuroradiology Branch of the Chinese Stroke Association

2026, 21(3):  338-352.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5765.2026.03.010

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Stroke has emerged as the leading cause of death and disability among residents in China, with ischemic stroke accounting for over 80% of all cases. Timely administration of reperfusion therapy is critical to improving clinical outcomes in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Driven by policies from the National Health Commission to continuously improve the reperfusion therapy rate for acute cerebral infarction, substantial progress has been made in AIS reperfusion therapy in China. To build upon these achievements and further enhance the standardization of reperfusion therapy for ischemic stroke, the National Center for Healthcare Quality Management in Neurological Diseases, in collaboration with the Chinese Stroke Association, has convened experts to revise and formulate this updated version of the expert recommendations based on the 2021 version of Consensus on Evaluation and Improvement of Healthcare Quality of Acute Ischemic Stroke Reperfusion Therapy. This updated version incorporates the latest domestic and international research data, information from the Hospital Quality Monitoring System (HQMS), and findings from multiple large-scale registry studies in China. It updates key indicators for healthcare quality evaluation of AIS reperfusion therapy and sets quantifiable improvement targets. The aim is to provide scientific and standardized academic guidance for health administrative authorities, medical institutions, and healthcare professionals in their quality improvement efforts, and ultimately improve the clinical outcomes of patients with AIS.

2026 Chinese Expert Consensus on Community-to-Home Full-Cycle Physical Fitness Rehabilitation Pathway for Stroke Patients (Practical Edition)

Community Rehabilitation Committee of Chinese Association of Rehabilitation Medicine, Hand Function Rehabilitation Committee of Chinese Association of Rehabilitation Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University

2026, 21(3):  353-372.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5765.2026.03.011

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Community-to-home rehabilitation is the core component of the full-cycle stroke rehabilitation system. As a key physiological indicator affecting patients’ long-term functional prognosis and quality of life, physical fitness has received increasing clinical attention. With the continuous development of rehabilitation concepts, constructing a standardized and scientific physical fitness rehabilitation pathway has become an urgent need for improving the quality of primary rehabilitation services. To this end, the Community Rehabilitation Committee of Chinese Association of Rehabilitation Medicine; the Hand Function Rehabilitation Committee of Chinese Association of Rehabilitation Medicine; and the National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, in collaboration with multidisciplinary experts, have formulated this consensus. This consensus provides a standardized definition of physical fitness decline after stroke, and conducts in-depth discussions on the assessment, intervention, outcome evaluation, and follow-up of stroke physical fitness rehabilitation, as well as community rehabilitation support and quality control. It highlights a quantitative assessment system centered on physical fitness and stage-specific rehabilitation strategies, aiming to provide primary rehabilitation practitioners with systematic and actionable clinical guidance, facilitate the standardization of community-to-home full-cycle physical fitness rehabilitation pathways for stroke patients in China, and provide a scientific basis for relevant clinical practice and research.



A Case of Neuronal Intranuclear Inclusion Disease Distinguished from Ischemic Stroke

GONG Yutian, WANG Yicong, LIANG Xinming, DU Yanru, SHEN Yuan, QU Hui, ZHOU Heng, CHEN Weiqi, LIU Yanfang, ZHAO Xingquan, WANG Yilong

2026, 21(3):  373-377.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5765.2026.03.012

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Neuronal intranuclear inclusion disease (NIID) is a rare neurodegenerative disease characterized by diverse clinical manifestations that may involve the central nervous system and multiple systems, posing certain diagnostic challenges. Its diagnosis requires comprehensive evidence combining clinical signs, imaging examinations, muscle biopsy, and genetic testing. This article reports a case of NIID initially misdiagnosed as ischemic stroke. The patient, a 54-year-old female, presented with progressive gait disturbance and cognitive decline. During the diagnosis and treatment, she was initially treated for ischemic stroke before genetic testing revealed heterozygous GGC repeat expansion in the NOTCH2NLC gene, leading to a definitive diagnosis of NIID. This case highlights the importance of considering NIID as a potential differential diagnosis in patients presenting with progressive multisystem neurological involvement.

Research Progress on Predicting Futile Recanalization following Endovascular Treatment in Acute Ischemic Stroke

ZHANG Zili, ZHAO Ying, MENG Heng, XU Anding

2026, 21(3):  378-386.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5765.2026.03.013

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Endovascular treatment stands as the primary reperfusion therapy for patients with large vessel occlusion ischemic stroke. However, an increasing number of studies have shown that even with successful recanalization of the occluded vessels, a significant proportion of patients still experience poor functional outcomes, which is known as futile recanalization. Early predictive assessment of the risk of futile recanalization is crucial for developing individualized treatment strategies and improving clinical prognosis. This review comprehensively synthesizes the predictive assessment studies of futile recanalization following endovascular treatment in acute ischemic stroke, aiming to provide novel insights that enable clinicians to identify patients at high risk of futile recanalization early and thus make evidence-based clinical treatment decisions.