Research Progress of Blood Pressure Control and Primary Prevention of Stroke

Abstract

Abstract:

The rise of morbidity rate and mortality rate of stroke is closely associated with the rise of blood hypertension. Hypertension is the main risk factor for stroke. Studies show that ambulatory blood pressure monitoring is better than office blood pressure monitoring in the prediction of stroke and risk of death caused by cardiovascular diseases. In addition, spoon line blood pressure, masked hypertension, morning blood pressure surge and blood pressure variability may also have particular correlation with the risk of stroke. This review will provide explicit illustration about the association between various types of blood pressure variability and stroke so as to provide hint for the blood pressure control of the primary prevention of stroke.

Key words: Stroke; Risk; Hypertension; Primary prevention

摘要：

卒中发病率、死亡率的上升与血压升高关系密切，高血压是卒中的最主要危险因素。研究表明，动态血压监测在预测卒中和心脑血管死亡风险上优于诊室血压；另外勺型血压、隐匿性高血压、晨峰现象及血压变异性均可能与卒中的风险有特殊的相关性，本文对血压异常的各种类型与卒中的关系进行了详细的描述，为卒中一级预防的血压控制提供线索。

关键词: 卒中; 风险; 高血压; 一级预防

HUO Xiao-Chuan, WANG Wen-Zhi. Research Progress of Blood Pressure Control and Primary Prevention of Stroke[J]. Chinese Journal of Stroke, 2016, 11(01): 66-72.

霍晓川，王文志. 血压控制与卒中一级预防研究进展[J]. 中国卒中杂志, 2016, 11(01): 66-72.

References

1 陈竺. 全国第三次死因回顾抽样调查报告[M]. 北京:

中国协和医科大学出版社, 2008:10-17.

2 Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al. The

seventh report of the Joint National Committee on

Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment

of High Blood Pressure:the JNC 7 report[J]. JAMA,

2003, 289:2560-2572.

3 O'Rourke MF. Freder ick Akbar Mahomed[J ].

Hypertension, 1992, 19:212-217.

4 Wolf PA, D'Agostino RB, Belanger AJ, et al. Probability

of stroke:a risk profile from the Framingham Study[J].Stroke, 1991, 22:312-318.

5 Kannel WB, Dawber TR, Sorlie P, et al. Components

of blood pressure and risk of atherothrombotic brain

infarction:the Framingham study[J]. Stroke, 1976,

7:327-331.

6 Lewington S, Clarke R, Qizilbash N, et al. Agespecific

relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular

mortality:a meta-analysis of individual data for one

million adults in 61 prospective studies[J]. Lancet,

2002, 360:1903-1913.

7 O'Donnell MJ, Xavier D, Liu L, et al. Risk factors for

ischaemic and intracerebral haemorrhagic stroke in 22

countries (the INTERSTROKE study):a case-control

study[J]. Lancet, 2010, 376:112-123.

8 Piotrowski G, Banach M, Gerdts E, et al. Left atrial

size in hypertension and stroke[J]. J Hypertens, 2011,

29:1988-1993.

9 O'Brien E. Twenty-four-hour ambulatory blood

pressure measurement in clinical practice and

research:a critical review of a technique in need of

implementation[J]. J Intern Med, 2011, 269:478-495.

10 Pickering TG, Shimbo D, Haas D. Ambulatory

blood-pressure monitoring[J]. N Engl J Med, 2006,

354:2368-2374.

11 Hansen TW, Staessen JA, Torp-Pedersen C, et al.

Ambulatory arterial stiffness index predicts stroke in a

general population[J]. J Hypertens, 2006, 24:2247-2253.

12 Hansen TW, Jeppesen J, Rasmussen S, et al.

Ambulatory blood pressure and mortality: a populationbased

study[J]. Hypertension, 2005, 45:499-504.

13 Conen D, Bamberg F. Noninvasive 24-h ambulatory

blood pressure and cardiovascular d isease:a

systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. J Hypertens,

2008, 26:1290-1299.

14 Dolan E, Stanton A, Thijs L, et al. Superiority of

ambulatory over clinic blood pressure measurement

in predicting mortality:the Dublin outcome study[J].

Hypertension, 2005, 46:156-161.

15 O'Brien E, Parati G, Stergiou G, et al. European

Society of Hypertension position paper on ambulatory

blood pressure monitoring[J]. J Hypertens, 2013,

31:1731-1768.

16 O'Brien E, Sheridan J, O'Malley K. Dippers and nondippers[

J]. Lancet, 1988, 2:397.

17 Shimada K, Kawamoto A, Matsubayashi K, et al. Diurnal

blood pressure variations and silent cerebrovascular

damage in elderly patients with hypertension[J]. J

Hypertens, 1992, 10:875-878.

18 Stolarz K, Staessen JA, O'Brien ET. Night-time blood

pressure:dipping into the future?[J]. J Hypertens,

2002, 20:2131-2133.19 Cuspidi C, Meani S, Salerno M, et al. Cardiovascular

target organ damage in essential hypertensives

with or without reproducible nocturnal fall in blood

pressure[J]. J Hypertens, 2004, 22:273-280.

20 Pickering T, Schwartz J, Verdecchia P, et al. Prediction of

strokes versus cardiac events by ambulatory monitoring

of blood pressure:results from an international

database[J]. Blood Press Monit, 2007, 12:397-399.

21 Boggia J, Thijs L, Hansen TW, et al. Ambulatory

blood pressure monitoring in 9357 subjects from

11 populations highlights missed opportunities for

cardiovascular prevention in women[J]. Hypertension,

2011, 57:397-405.

22 Pickering TG, Davidson K, Gerin W, et al. Masked

hypertension[J]. Hypertension, 2002, 40:795-796.

23 Verberk WJ, Kessels AG, de Leeuw PW. Prevalence,

causes, and consequences of masked hypertension: a

meta-analysis[J]. Am J Hypertens, 2008, 21:969-975.

24 Fukuhara M, Arima H, Ninomiya T, et al. White-coat

and masked hypertension are associated with carotid

atherosclerosis in a general population: the Hisayama

study[J]. Stroke, 2013, 44:1512-1517.

25 Matsui Y, Eguchi K, Ishikawa J, et al. Subclinical

arterial damage in untreated masked hypertensive

subj e ct s det e ct e d by home blood pre s su re

measurement[J]. Am J Hypertens, 2007, 20:385-391.

26 Angeli F, Reboldi G, Verdecchia P. Masked

hypertension:evaluation, prognosis, and treatment[J].

Am J Hypertens, 2010, 23:941-948.

27 Franklin SS, Thijs L, Li Y, et al. Masked hypertension

in diabetes mellitus:treatment implications for clinical

practice[J]. Hypertension, 2013, 61:964-971.

28 White WB, Maraka S. Is it possible to manage

hypertension and evaluate therapy without ambulatory

blood pressure monitoring?[J]. Curr Hypertens Rep,

2012, 14:366-373.

29 Muller JE, Mangel B. Circadian variation and triggers

of cardiovascular disease[J]. Cardiology, 1994, 85

Suppl 2:3-10.

30 Elliott WJ. Circadian variation in the timing of stroke

onset:a meta-analysis[J]. Stroke, 1998, 29:992-996.

31 Ainslie PN, Mur rell C, Peebles K, et al. Early

morning impairment in cerebral autoregulation

and cerebrovascular CO2 reactivit y in healthy

humans:relation to endothelial function[J]. Exp

Physiol, 2007, 92:769-777.

32 Atkinson G, Jones H, Ainslie PN. Circadian variation

in the circulatory responses to exercise:relevance to

the morning peaks in strokes and cardiac events[J].

Eur J Appl Physiol, 2010, 108:15-29.

33 Scheer FA, Hu K, Evoniuk H, et al. Impact ofthe human circadian system, exercise, and their

interaction on cardiovascular function[J]. Proc Natl

Acad Sci USA, 2010, 107:20541-20546.

34 Kario K. Morning surge in blood pressure and

cardiovascular risk:evidence and perspectives[J].

Hypertension, 2010, 56:765-773.

35 Kario K, Pickering TG, Umeda Y, et al. Morning

surge in blood pressure as a predictor of silent

and clinical cerebrovascular disease in elderly

hypertensives:a prospective study[J]. Circulation,

2003, 107:1401-1406.

36 Pierdomenico SD, Pierdomenico AM, Cuccurullo F.

Morning blood pressure surge, dipping, and risk

of ischemic stroke in elderly patients treated for

hypertension[J]. Am J Hypertens, 2014, 27:564-570.

37 Black HR, Elliott WJ, Grandits G, et al. Principal

resul t s of the Cont rol led Onset Ver apami l

Invest igat ion of Cardiovascular End Point s

(CONVINCE) trial[J]. JAMA, 2003, 289:2073-2082.

38 Parat i G, Liu X, Ochoa JE, et al. Prognost ic

relevance of blood pressure variability:role of longterm

and very long-term blood pressure changes[J].

Hypertension, 2013, 62:682-684.

39 Stolarz-Skrzypek K, Thijs L, Li Y, et al. Short-term

blood pressure variability in relation to outcome in the

International Database of Ambulatory blood pressure

in relation to Cardiovascular Outcome (IDACO)[J].

Acta Cardiol, 2011, 66:701-706.

40 Asayama K, Kikuya M, Schutte R, et al. Home blood

pressure variability as cardiovascular risk factor in the

population of Ohasama[J]. Hypertension, 2013, 61:61-69.

41 Muntner P, Shimbo D, Diaz KM, et a l. Low

correlation between visit-to-visit variability and 24-h

variability of blood pressure[J]. Hypertens Res, 2013,

36:940-946.

42 Menni C, Mangino M, Zhang F, et al. Heritability

analyses show visit-to-visit blood pressure variability

reflects different pathological phenotypes in younger and

older adults:evidence from UK twins[J]. J Hypertens,

2013, 31:2356-2361.

43 Mancia G, Grassi G. Mechanisms and clinical

implications of blood pressure variability[J]. J

Cardiovasc Pharmacol, 2000, 35(7 Suppl 4):S15-S19.

44 Rothwell PM, Howard SC, Dolan E, et al. Prognostic

significance of visit-to-visit variability, maximum

systolic blood pressure, and episodic hypertension[J].

Lancet, 2010, 375:895-905.

45 Webb AJ, Fischer U, Mehta Z, et al. Effects of

antihyper tensive-drug class on interindividual

variation in blood pressure and risk of stroke:a

systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Lancet, 2010,375:906-915.

46 Mancia G, Facchetti R, Parati G, et al. Visit-to-visit

blood pressure variability, carotid atherosclerosis, and

cardiovascular events in the European Lacidipine

Study on Atherosclerosis[J]. Circulation, 2012,

126:569-578.

47 Uhl ig K, Patel K, Ip S, et al. Sel f-measured

blood pressure monitoring in the management of

hypertension:a systematic review and meta-analysis[J].

Ann Intern Med, 2013, 159:185-194.

48 Muxfeldt ES, Bloch KV, Nogueira Ada R, et al. True

resistant hypertension:is it possible to be recognized

in the office?[J]. Am J Hypertens, 2005, 18:1534-1540.

49 Mancia G, Zanchetti A. White-coat hypertension:

misnomers, misconceptions and misunderstandings.

What should we do next?[J]. J Hypertens, 1996,

14:1049-1052.

50 Franklin SS, Thijs L, Hansen TW, et al. Significance

of white-coat hypertension in older persons with

isolated systolic hypertension:a meta-analysis using the

International Database on Ambulatory Blood Pressure

Monitoring in Relation to Cardiovascular Outcomespopulation[J]. Hypertension, 2012, 59:564-571.

51 Pierdomenico SD, Cuccurullo F. Prognostic value

of white-coat and masked hypertension diagnosed

by ambulatory monitoring in initially untreated

subjects:an updated meta analysis[J]. Am J Hypertens,

2011, 24:52-58.

52 Mancia G, Facchetti R, Bombelli M, et al. Longterm

risk of mortality associated with selective and

combined elevation in office, home, and ambulatory

blood pressure[J]. Hypertension, 2006, 47:846-853.

53 Beckett NS, Peters R, Fletcher AE, et al. Treatment of

hypertension in patients 80 years of age or older[J]. N

Engl J Med, 2008, 358:1887-1898.

54 Bulpitt CJ, Beckett N, Peters R, et al. Does white coat

hypertension require treatment over age 80?:Results of

the hypertension in the very elderly trial ambulatory

blood pressure side project[J]. Hypertension, 2013,

61:89-94.

55 Gaciong Z, Sinski M, Lewandowski J. Blood pressure

control and primary prevention of stroke:summary

of the recent clinical trial data and meta-analyses[J].

Curr Hypertens Rep, 2013, 15:559-574.

[1]	CAO Liming, REN Lijie. Progress and Prospects of Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Acute Ischemic Stroke [J]. Chinese Journal of Stroke, 2024, 19(9): 983-989.
[2]	FU Pengcheng, CAO Liming, ZHU Jiaqian, ZHAO Guiyu, XU Gelin. Research Progress of Reperfusion Therapy for Large Artery Atherosclerotic Ischemic Stroke [J]. Chinese Journal of Stroke, 2024, 19(9): 1004-1011.
[3]	ZHANG Liping, CAO Liming, XIAO Nan, LIAO Yuqi, CHI Feng, YU Yanni, REN Lijie. Research Progress and Challenges of Nanomaterials in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Ischemic Stroke [J]. Chinese Journal of Stroke, 2024, 19(9): 1012-1017.
[4]	JIANG He, WANG Cheng, CHEN Xianghua, XU Chunxiang. Predictive Value of Five Prehospital Stroke Screening Scales for In-Hospital Acute Large Vessel Occlusive Ischemic Stroke [J]. Chinese Journal of Stroke, 2024, 19(9): 1018-1024.
[5]	WANG Xiaorui, LUO Song, ZOU Liangyu, QU Hongdang, CUI Xue, ZHAO Yujie. Value of Eosinophil-to-Monocyte Ratio in Predicting the Prognosis of Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke Receiving Intravenous Thrombolysis [J]. Chinese Journal of Stroke, 2024, 19(9): 1025-1033.
[6]	WANG Shuo, YU Ping, ZHANG Ning, WANG Chunxue. Bibliometric Analysis of References on the Correlation between Ischemic Stroke and Sleep from 2013 to 2023 [J]. Chinese Journal of Stroke, 2024, 19(9): 1040-1047.
[7]	ZHOU Hongyu, LI Zixiao, WANG Yongjun. Research Progress on Radiomics-Based Brain Age Prediction and Ischemic Stroke [J]. Chinese Journal of Stroke, 2024, 19(9): 1066-1076.
[8]	ABULANIYAZI Anaguli, WU Xiaoxin, LI Jiaoxing, LI Zhuhao, SHENG Wenli. Research Progress on Factors Related to the Susceptibility Vessel Sign and its Clinical Application in Acute Ischemic Stroke [J]. Chinese Journal of Stroke, 2024, 19(9): 1077-1085.
[9]	YANG Jinbo, ZHANG Cong. Progress on the Application of High-Resolution Vessel Wall Imaging in Patients with Ischemic Stroke [J]. Chinese Journal of Stroke, 2024, 19(9): 1086-1093.
[10]	WU Chunyan, YIN Yashi, WANG Guangzhi, YUE Kuitao. Evaluation and Application of Medical Imaging for Acute Ischemic Stroke at Different Time Windows: A Review [J]. Chinese Journal of Stroke, 2024, 19(9): 1094-1101.
[11]	WANG Ye, WEI Chenming, LI Xiuli, WU Jian. Application of Diversified Teaching Model in Stroke Green Channel Training at a Medical University-Affiliated Teaching Hospital [J]. Chinese Journal of Stroke, 2024, 19(9): 1102-1109.
[12]	SHAN Kai, ZHAO Meng, WANG Chunjuan, LI Zixiao, WANG Xiaoyan. Exploration and Practice of Diagnosis and Treatment Models for Stroke and Comorbid Conditions [J]. Chinese Journal of Stroke, 2024, 19(8): 863-865.
[13]	TIAN Bing, DUAN Jiangang, CHEN Hongxiu, GU Yihong, PAN Xijuan, XING Yingqi. Analysis of Clinical Features and Ultrasonographic Manifestations of Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension [J]. Chinese Journal of Stroke, 2024, 19(8): 895-901.
[14]	ZHANG Mengruo, XU Shouchen, SUI Cuicui, LI Yukui, WANG Xueli. The Effects of Lower Limb Rehabilitation Robot Combined with Scalp Acupuncture on the Walking Efficiency and Coordination Function in Elderly Patients with Ischemic Stroke [J]. Chinese Journal of Stroke, 2024, 19(8): 902-908.
[15]	XUE Mingyue, ZHANG Huixin, SU Dan, LI Lixia, LI Jingwei, LI Hong. Analysis of the Influencing Factors of Medication Adherence in Ischemic Stroke Patients [J]. Chinese Journal of Stroke, 2024, 19(8): 909-914.