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    20 May 2016, Volume 11 Issue 05
    What If
    WANG Yong-Jun
    2016, 11(05):  335-338. 
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    Research Highlights and Prospects of Plateau Cerebrovascular Disease
    WU Shi-Zheng, JI Wei-Zhong, CAI Ding
    2016, 11(05):  339-343. 
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    Comparative Study of Different Antiplatelet Therapy on Treatment of High Altitude Ischemic Stroke
    JI Wei-Zhong, WU Shi-Zheng, HU Quan-Zhong, et al.
    2016, 11(05):  344-348. 
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    Objective To explore the effects of different antiplatelet therapies on treatment of high altitude ischemic stroke. Methods A total of 90 patients with acute ischemic stroke within 24 h after onset admitted by Dept. of Neurology of Qinghai People’s Hospital during March, 2014 and March, 2015 were enrolled into study and were randomly divided into two groups. Patients in both groups received correspondent comprehensive internal medicine treatment. The control group was treated with aspirin (100 mg/d), and the observation group were treated with Polivy-aspirin combination therapy (Polivy 75 mg/d, aspirin 100 mg/d). The corresponding National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score changes at 14 d and 28 d after treatment, progressive stroke and the incidence of post infarction hemorrhage rate and mortality, clinical efficacy analysis of two groups were compared. Results The post-treatment NIHSS of both groups were significantly reduced compared with NIHSS before treatment. However, the NIHSS of the observation group after treatment at 14 d and 28 d were 5 (3, 7) and 4 (3, 6), which was significantly lower than NIHSS of the control group (P =0.03, P =0.02, respectively). In terms of progressive stroke occurrence, the occurrence rate of the observation group after treatment was only 11.1% (5 cases), which was significantly lower than that of the control group of 35.5% (16 cases) (P =0.04). There were no significant differences in hemorrhage conversion rate and mortality rate within 28 d after ischemic stroke.Conclusion Polivy-aspirin combination therapy has good therapeutic effect on high altitude acute ischemic stroke with no increase of risk of hemorrhage conversion.

    Association between Brachial Artery Endothelium-dependent Vasodilatation Dysfunction and Reccurence of Non-cardiogenic Cerebral Ischemic Stroke
    LI Pei, ZHANG Jun-Xia, TANG Li, et al.
    2016, 11(05):  349-354. 
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    Objective To explore the relationship between brachial artery endothelium-dependent vasodilatation dysfunction and 1-year recurrence of non-cardiogenic cerebral ischemic stroke. Methods In our prospective observational study, patients with the first acute non-cardioembolic ischemic stroke hospitalized in the Department of Neurology, The People's Hospital of QingHai Province were enrolled consecutively. According to flow mediated diameter (FMD) percent change, these patients were divided into three groups: non-cardiac ischemic stroke combined with severe FMD damage group, non-cardiac ischemic stroke combined with mild FMD damage group, and pure non-cardiacischemic stroke group with normal FMD group. Then the baseline information were collected. The patients were followed up at 12th month. The amounts of ischemic stroke recurrence events and the influencing factors were compared with the results taken previously among different groups using Logistic regression analysis. Results A total of 126 patients were enrolled into study and 123 patients finished follow-up. Among which, 25 patients had severe FMD damage, 52 had mild FMD damage, and 46 had normal FMD. The recurrence rates of three groups after one year were as follows: 32.0% (n =8), 23.1% (n =12) and 8.7% (n =4), respectively. The statistics results showed that the number of non-cardiac ischemic stroke combined with severe FMD damage group's ischemic stroke recurrence events was significant different compared with normal FMD group (P =0.016). According to the Logistic regression analysis, it showed that FMD severe damage (odds ratios [OR] 6.155, 95% confidence interval [CI ]1.333~28.420, P =0.020), hypertension (OR 3.286, 95%CI 1.069~10.104, P =0.038), diabetes (OR 3.657, 95%CI 1.135~11.777, P =0.030), C-reaction protein (CRP) (OR 1.053, 95%CI 1.001~1.107, P =0.045) were related with the recurrence of ischemic stroke, which were also the independent risk factors at the same time. Conclusion Severe FMD damage is associated with 1-year recurrence of ischemic stroke and is the independent risk factor for the recurrence of stroke.

    The Outcome and Correlation Analysis of Plateau Unruptured Intracranial Wide-necked Aneurysms Stent Assisted Coil Embolization Treatment for 3 Years and Drug Treatment
    WANG Jin-Peng, ZHANG Hao, LEI Yan-Cheng, et al.
    2016, 11(05):  355-359. 
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    Objective To observe the long-term outcome of secondary coil embolization using Stent in the treatment of Unruptured Intracranial wide-necked aneurysms at high altitude. Methods The follow-up of secondary coil embolization of Intracranial unruptured wide-necked aneurysms in 32 patients with long residence in Plateau were completed in our hospital between 2007 and 2011. Three years after operation surgery for cerebral angiography under digital subtraction angiography (DSA) examinations was used to identify the rate of in-stent stenosis, recuurence rate of rupture of aneurysm, and post-operation anti-platelet treatment. Results Among 32 patients, there were 5 cases (15.6%) of in-stent stenosis of different degrees, who were patients that didn’t take aspirin regularly after operation; there were 6 cases (18.8%) of arterial aneurysms including 2 cases (6.3%) of small anterior communicating aneurysms; and 4 cases (12.5%) large aneurysms longer than 1.5 cm located at internal carotid siphon section. There was no anueurysms rupture because of embolism with 3-years’ follow-up period. Conclusion The plateau unruptured intracranial wide-necked aneurysms supported by the secondary coil embolization of intracranial unruptured wide-necked aneurysms is effective and viable with low relapse rates. The incidence of in-stent stenosis after its antiplatelet treatment might be closely related.

    Research of the Treatment on Neural Stem Cells of Bone Marrow by Hypoxia Preconditioning Joint with BDNF on Cerebral Infarction in Rats
    2016, 11(05):  360-367. 
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    Objective To investigate the curative effect of joint treatment on source neural stem cells of bone marrow (BMSCs-NSCs) by hypoxic preconditioned and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) stereotactic transplantation on cerebral infarction in rats, so as to provide animal experimental bases on the therapy of cell transplantation on brain infarction in plateau areas. Methods A total of 72 SD rats were randomly divided into hypoxia precondition group (n =36) and normal oxygen group (n =36). Acute hypoxic preconditioning (HPC) was performed for 3 days before molding in hypoxia precondition group. Two groups of rats were made the model ofmiddle cerebral artery occlusion reperfusion (MCAO/R). Each group was divided into 3 subgroups: BMSCs- NSCs+BDNF group (n =12), BMSCs-NSCs group (n =12) and control group (n =12), and each subgroup was respectively transplanted with stereotactic MSCs-NSCs combined with BDNF, MSCs-NSCs, and DMEM/F12 culture medium to the ipsilateral caudate nucleus of rats brain infarction. After transplantation, neurological function scoring was performed at 3 d, 7 d, 14 d, 21 d, 28 d and 35 d. Tworats were sacrifice from each group after been scored. The migration path of positive cells of 5-Bromo-deoxyUridine (Brdu) of the tissue of brain by immunohistochemistry staining. The expressions of CD133, Nestin, MAP-2, beta -tubullin, GFAP, GalC were detected by immunofluorescence staining to understand the neural differentiation in bone marrow-derived, and to observe its curative effect. Results At 7 d, 14 d, 21 d, 28 d and 35 d, neurological function scoring were significantly lower than 3 d in BMSCs-NSCs+BDNF and BMSCs-NSCs group of hypoxia precondition group and normal oxygen group. At 3 d after transplantation, in subgroup of control, neurological function scoring in hypoxia precondition group were significantly lower than normal oxygen group (P =0.040). At 7 d after transplantation, in subgroup of BMSCs-NSCs+BDNF, neurological function scoring in hypoxia precondition group were significantly lower than normal oxygen group (P =0.031). Whether in hypoxia precondition group or normal oxygen group, each index of integral optical density (IOD) in BMSCs-NSCs+BDNF group was higher than BMSCs-NSCs group (P< 0.001), and each index of IOD in BMSCs-NSCs+BDNF group and BMSCs-NSCs group was higher than the control group (P< 0.001). Conclusion The curative effect was obvious improvement by the joint treatment on BMSCs-NSCs by hypoxic preconditioned and BDNF stereotactic transplantation. Hypoxia preconditioning does not promote the differentiation of exogenous MSCs-NSCs, but can significantly improve the neurological function of rats. Hypoxic preconditioning treatment may promote the proliferation and differentiation of endogenous MSCs.

    Application of Apparent Diffusion Coefficient in Differentiating Stages and in Identifying the Cerebral Blood Flow Filling Condition in Acute Cerebral Infarction
    WU Jing, SHEN Hui-Cong,ZHAO Rui-Hua
    2016, 11(05):  368-372. 
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    Objective To explore the value of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) in differentiating stages and in determining ischemic penumbra of acute cerebral infarction. Methods A total of 62 patients who were diagnosed as acute cerebral infarction by clinical and imaging and underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) examinations were enrolled into study. All cases were divided into <6 h group, 6~24 h group, 24~48 h group and 48~72 h group according to the period after onset by MRI detection. ADC values of the lesions, contralateral normal area, lesion center and edge in each time period were measured. Results Ten cases who’s onset time were less than 6 hours, the positive rate of conventional MRI was 0 (0/10) while the DWI detection rate was 100% (10/10); 52 cases who’s onset time were from 6~72 h, which included 6~24 h (27 cases), 24~48 h (13 cases), 48~72 h (12 cases), the positive rate of conventional MRI was 88.4% (46/52) while the DWI positive detection rate was 100%

    (52/52). The ADC values of the lesions and contralateral normal area in each time period were: <6 h (0.601±0.079, 1.261±0.085) ×10-3mm2/s, 6~24 h (0.623±0.097, 1.152±0.083) ×10-3mm2/s, 24~48 h (0.635±0.103, 1.036±0.112) ×10-3mm2/s, 48~72 h (0.631±0.082, 1.225±0.097) ×10-3mm2/s; ADC values of the lesions and contralateral normal area in different time had significant difference (P =0.006, 0.007, 0.008 and 0.017). ADC values showed no significant differences in different groups. The ADC values of lesion center and edge were: <6 h (0.547±0.089, 0.624±0.096) ×10-3mm2/s, which had significant difference (P =0.027); 6~24 h (0.572±0.074, 0.647±0.107) ×10-3mm2/s, which had significant difference (P =0.032); 24~48 h (0.615±0.104, 0.636±0.082) ×10-3mm2/s, which had no significant difference; 48~72 h (0.631±0.081, 0.625±0.102) ×10-3mm2/s, which had no significant difference. Conclusion DWI can find the responsible lesions of acute cerebral infarction early and accurately, and it also can identify the lesion center and edge (<24 h), the edge of lesion may be ischemic penumbra, but it has little significance in differentiating different stages of acute cerebral infarction (0~3 d).

    Cause Analysis of 171 Cases of Isolated Vertigo in Department of Neurology
    MAO Xiao-Wei,BI Xiao-Ying
    2016, 11(05):  373-377. 
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    Objective To analyze the causes of patients with isolated vertigo for early identification of isolated posterior circulation ischemia vertigo. Methods The clinical data of 171 patients with isolated vertigo were retrospectively analyzed. The different causes of vertigo were determined by associated medical history, clinical signs and symptoms, and the corresponding auxiliary examination results, such as imaging of the nervous system and cerebrovascular assessment. In order to evaluate anxiety or depression state, methods of Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS) were adopted. Besides, Stroke Risk Score (SRS) was used to screen risk factors. Results In 171 cases, there were 19 patients (11%) caused by posterior circulation ischemia, 142 patients (83%) caused by peripheral vestibular vertigo, and 10 patients (6%) caused by anxiety or depression. There were no significant differences in clinical manifestations (position induced or aggregated vertigo, nausea and vomiting, nystagmus, tinnitus and hearing loss) among the three groups. There were statistically significant differences in the onset age (P =0.001), smoking proportion (P =0.004), incidence of diabetes mellitus (P =0.023), hypertension (P =0.015), coronary heart disease (P =0.021), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (P =0.002), history of transient ischemic attack/stroke (P =0.006) and the rate of SRS>7 (P <0.001) between the central vertigo and vestibular peripheral vertigo group. And the onset age (P =0.001), incidence of diabetes mellitus (P =0.011), hypertension (P =0.019), internal artery stenosis (P =0.027), and the rate of SRS>7 (P =0.003) were significantly higher in the central vertigo group compared with that of anxiety/depression group. Besides, the incidence of high density lipoprotein cholesterol was significantly higher in the peripheral group compared with that of anxiety/depression group (P =0.001). Conclusion Isolated vertigo are mainly non-central vascular vertigo, while acute cerebrovascular disease (mostly of posterior circulation ischemia) can be characterized by isolated vertigo. There are significant differences in the onset age, history of stroke risk factors between the central and non-central vertigo. In the clinical diagnosis and treatment we should focus on identifying central damage to avoid serious consequences.

    Study on Protective Effects of Moderate Ethanol Preconditioning Against Brain Injury-induced by Focal Cerebral Ischemia / Reperfusion in Rats
    ZHAO Yi-Long, GUO An-Chen, SU Fang, et al.
    2016, 11(05):  378-385. 
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    Objective To study the protective effects of moderate ethanol preconditioning on neuronal injury induced by focal cerebral ischemic-reperfusion in rats. Methods A total of 36 male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 3 groups (n =12): (1) sham control group; (2) ischemic-reperfusion group (I/R); (3) ethanol preconditioning group (EtOH-PC). Rats were subjected to 2 h of right middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and 24 h of reperfusion. EtOH-PC was induced by gavaging animals with a moderate dose of ethanol [volume of ethanol in microliters calculated from the equation (body weight (in g) × 0.6) + 0.3] 24 h before ischemia. This volume of ethanol (95% in μl) was mixed in 0.3 ml of sterile distilled water before gavage. Animals in the sham control group (no I/R) and the I/R-alone group (no EtOH-PC) received a similar volume of saline by gavage. Eight rats of each group were used to perform neurological score and 2, 3, 5-Triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining 24 h after ischemia and reperfusion. The volume of cerebral infarction was calculated based on the staining result. Another 4 rats of each group were used to perform T2-weighted imaging (T2WI) MRI 24 h after ischemia and reperfusion. Then rats were killed. After frozen section, two slices was acquired from each rat’s primary somatosensory cortex areas. One slice was used to detect the apoptotic cell by means of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated 2’-deoxyuridine 5’-triphosphate nick-end labeling (TUNEL); the other was used to detect the degeneration of neurons through Fluoro-Jade B. Results Compared to ischemic-reperfusion group, the neurological score (15.00 [14.25, 16.00] vs 3.50 [2.25, 4.00]) (P <0.001), cerebral infarction volume (TTC: [242.80±17.44]mm3 vs [54.83±13.43]mm3; T2WI:[296.80±8.53]mm3 vs [59.68±9.97]mm3) (P <0.001), the percentage of apoptotic cell death ([33.47±2.23]% vs [9.66±0.84]%) (P <0.001) and the percentage of degenerative neurons ([45.31±3.40]% vs [23.26±1.25]%) (P <0.001) were significantly decreased after ethanol preconditioning. Conclusion Moderate ethanol preconditioning can protect against the neuron injury induced by focal cerebral ischemic-reperfusion.

    Preliminary Analysis of Influencial Factors of Intravenous Thrombolysis in Acute Ischemic Stroke of Multi-center Primary Hospital
    JIN Yun-Long, WANG Zhi-Min, WANG Peng, et al.
    2016, 11(05):  386-391. 
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    Objective To investigate the influential factors for in-hospital delay of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) for acute ischemic stroke in multi-center primary hospital. Methods Patients in nine basic-level hospitals in Taizhou treated with rt-PA intravenous thrombolytic within 4.5 hours after stroke onset were collected into this study. Based on the doorto- needle time (DNT) on average and the DNT less or more than 60 minutes, patients were divided into two groups, and then the independent factors associated with the DNT was analyzed. Results The mean DNT of 28 patients is (79.50±26.97 min). As compared to the DNT>79.50 minutes group, delay in admission to the stroke team acception (P =0.007), to the conversation (P <0.001), to reaching the wards (P <0.001), and to CT examination (P <0.001) were shorter, history of hypertension (P =0.049), hyperlipidemia (P =0.007), and atrial fibrillation were smaller (P =0.022). And as compared to the DNT>60 min group, delay in admission to CT examination (P =0.025), to the conversation (P <0.001), to reaching the wards (P <0.001), and delay in CT examination to drug using (P <0.001), to the laboratory results were shorter (P =0.009), blood glucose was relatively lower (P =0.001), history of diabetes (P =0.001) and hyperlipidemia (P =0.030) were smaller. Logistic regression analysis showed that delay in admission to CT examination (OR=0.954, 95%CI 0.917~0.992, P =0.005), to the conversation (OR=0.501, 95%CI 0.320~0.781, P =0.003), to reaching the wards (OR=0.925, 95%CI 0.886~0.970, P =0.010) and delay in CT examination to drug using (OR=0.796, 95%CI 0.620~0.982, P =0.005), to the laboratory results (OR=0.496, 95%CI 0.312~0.804, P =0.037), and blood glucose (OR=0.610, 95%CI 0.281~0.969, P =0.017) lead to longer DNT. Conclusion The time between admission to CT examination, to the conversation, to reaching the wards and CT examination to drug using, to the laboratory results, and also the blood glucose are the main factors influencing the DNT.

    The Risk Factors of the Plateau Cerebrovascular Disease
    FAN Qing-Li, WU Shi-Zheng, HOU Qian
    2016, 11(05):  393-396. 
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    The special geographical environment of plateau alpine hypoxia, causes the body changes of blood rheology, blood vessel damage, inflammation, and gene polymorphism, and a series of complicated pathophysiologic changes, promotes or leads to the occurrence of cerebrovascular disease. The risk factors of cerebrovascular disease in plateau and plain region have different features. This paper is to review the risk factors of the plateau cerebrovascular disease briefly.

    A Case Report of Fever Related Maternal Reversible Posterior Cerebral Diseases
    CHAI Chang-Feng, JIANG Liang-Hua, BI Xiao-Ying
    2016, 11(05):  397-403. 
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    Scientific Rationale for the Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria for Intravenous Alteplase in Acute Ischemic Stroke(Part 4)
    SHEN Dong-Chao, WANG Zi-Xuan, XIAO Fu-Long, et al.
    2016, 11(05):  404-407. 
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    Hemostatic Therapy on Preventing Hematoma Enlargement in Acute Intracerebral Hemorrhage
    CHEN Yao-Zhi, LIU Li-Ping
    2016, 11(05):  408-413. 
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    Past studies have evidenced the strong relationship between hematoma enlargement after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and early neurological deterioration, indicating poor clinical outcome. Hematoma enlargement is a potentially important therapeutic target. However, hemostatic therapy to all ICH patients indiscriminately does not improve functional outcome, but increases the incidence of arterial thromboembolic adverse events (TAE). Contrast extravasation on CT angiography, namely “spot sign”, predicts hematoma expansion and poor prognosis in acute intracerebral hemorrhage with safety and efficacy. It plays a central role in prevention of early deterioration and improvement of functional outcome to rely on the “spot sign” for the selection of patients to receive early hemostatic therapy with safe and economical hemostatic agents. This study summarizes the related research situation and trend, so as to provide reference for clinical practice.

    Roles of the Stromal Derived Factor-1α in Cerebral Infarction
    CHEN Si-Ying, DUAN Shu-Rong
    2016, 11(05):  414-418. 
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    The chemokine stromal derived factor-1α (SDF-1α) and its receptor C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4), C-X-C chemokine receptor type 7 (CXCR7) are widely expressed in a variety of cells and tissues, and play an important role in the development of the central nervous system. Recent studies have identified that SDF-1α-CXCR4/CXCR7 chemokine axis participates in the process of the angiogenesis after cerebral infarction and endogenous neural stem cells proliferating and migrating to repair the infarction zone, in addition, this axis has affected the inflammation after cerebral infarction, it may become the new target for the treatment of brain infarction.

    Review the Continuing Medical Education Program of Japan Stroke Society
    JIN Chun-Rong,WANG Lei, ZHANG Ya-Nan
    2016, 11(05):  419-421. 
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    Objective To introduce Japan Stroke Society so as to change the opinion that Stroke Meeting is not the Continuing Medical Education of a single disciplinary. Methods The themes, contents and forms of Japan Stroke Society of 2014, 2015, 2016 were analyzed. Results Each session of Japan Stroke Society highlighted topics with characteristics changing with the times, abundant information and various kinds of forms. Speakers of the meeting come from more than 20 professional specialties. Japan Stroke is a continuing medical education program held by multi-disciplinary. Conclusion Japan Stroke provides valuable experience and reference for China Stroke conference organized by multi-disciplinary in the future.

    Application of Consultation System in Teaching Refresher Physicians of Vascular Neurology
    WANG Yan, PAN Hua, JIAN Fan, et al.
    2016, 11(05):  422-424. 
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    Objective To explore the effect of consultation system in teaching refresher physicians of vascular neurology. Methods The physicians who carried out further study in Beijing Tiantan Hospital Cerebral Vascular Center from April 2015 to March 2016 were enrolled into study. They received traditional teaching method and involvement of case consultationat at the same time. The role of consultation system in teaching refresher physicians of Vascular Neurology was assessed by entrance examination and satisfaction survey. Results There were 42 physicians who completed the combination of teaching and consultation system. The mean entrance examination scores were 72.1±8.9, and the mean export examination scores were 86.5±9.2, which had significant difference (P =0.02). The satisfaction rate of teaching method by refresher physicians was 95.2%. Conclusion Consultation system can improve comprehensive capability in patient management of refresher physicians of vascular neurology, which exerts great importance in improving the quality of refresher physicians’ teaching quality.