1 Liu L，Wang D，Wong KS，et al. Stroke and stroke

care in China：huge burden，significant，workload，

and a national priority[J]. Stroke，2011，42：3651-3654.

2 Miniño AM，Murphy SL，Xu J，et al. Deaths：final

data for 2008[J]. Natl Vital Stat Rep，2011，59：1-126.

3 Go AS，Mozaffarian D，Roger VL，et al. Heart

disease and stroke statistics--2014 update：a report

from the American Heart Association[J]. Circulation，

2014，129：e28-e292.

4 Roger VL，Go AS，Lloyd-Jones DM，et al. Heart

disease and stroke statistics--2012 update：a report

from the American Heart Association[J]. Circulation，

2012，125：e2-e220.

5 Kilpatrick ES. Haemoglobin A1c in the diagnosis and

monitoring of diabetes mellitus[J]. J Clin Pathol，2008，

61：977-982.

6 Goldstein DE，Little RR，Lorenz RA，et al. Tests

of glycemia in diabetes[J]. Diabetes Care，1995，18：

896-909.

7 Kilpatrick ES. Glycated haemoglobin in the year

2000[J]. J Clin Pathol，2000，53：335-339.

8 Sacks DB，Arnold M，Bakris GL，et al. Guidelines

and recommendations for laboratory analysis in the

diagnosis and management of diabetes mellitus[J].

Clin Chem，2011，57：e1-e47.

9 Selvin E，Steffes MW，Gregg E，et al. Performance of

A1C for the classification and prediction of diabetes[J].

Diabetes Care，2011，34：84-89.

10 Baird TA，Parsons MW，Phanh T，et al. Persistent

poststroke hyperglycemia is independently associated

with infarct expansion and worse clinical outcome[J].

Stroke，2003，34：2208-2214.

11 Gr ay CS，Hi ld r e th A J，Sa n d e r c o ck PA，e t

al. Glucose-potassium-insulin infusions in the

management of post-stroke hyperglycaemia：the UK

Glucose Insulin in Stroke Trial (GIST-UK)[J]. Lancet

Neurol，2007，6：397-406.

12 Clement S，Braithwaite SS，Magee MF，et al.

Management of diabetes and hyperglycemia in

hospitals[J]. Diabetes Care，2004，27：553-591.

13 Allison SP，Chamberlain MJ，Miller JE，et al. Effects

of propranolol on blood sugar，insulin and free fatty

acids[J]. Diabetologia，1969，5：339-342.

14 Bessey PQ，Lowe KA. Early hormonal changes affect

the catabolic response to trauma[J]. Ann Surg，1993，

218：476-489.

15 Shamoon H，Hendler R，Sherwin RS. Synergistic

interactions among antiinsulin hormones in the

pathogenesis of stress hyperglycemia in humans[J]. J

Clin Endocrinol Metab，1981，52：1235-1241.

16 Stegenga ME，van der Crabben SN，Blümer RM，et

al. Hyperglycemia enhances coagulation and reduces

neutrophil degranulation，whereas hyperinsulinemia

inhibits fibrinolysis during human endotoxemia[J].

Blood，2008，112：82-89.

17 Hu GC，Hsieh SF，Chen YM，et al. Relationship of

initial glucose level and all-cause death in patients

with ischaemic stroke：the roles of diabetes mellitus

and glycated hemoglobin level[J]. Eur J Neurol，2012，

19：884-891.

18 Shimoyama T，Kimura K，Uemura J，et al. Elevated

glucose level adversely affects infarct volume growth

and neurological deterioration in non-diabetic stroke

patients，but not diabetic stroke patients[J]. Eur J

Neurol，2014，21：402-410.

19 Capes SE，Hunt D，Malmberg K，et al. St ress

hyperglycemia and prognosis of stroke in nondiabetic

and diabetic patients：a systematic overview[J]. Stroke，

2001，32：2426-2432.

20 Nardi K，Milia P，Eusebi P，et al. Predictive value

of admission blood glucose level on short-term

mortality in acute cerebral ischemia[J]. J Diabetes

Complications，2012，26：70-76.

21 Jia Q，Zhao X，Wang C，et al. Diabetes and poor

outcomes within 6 months after acute ischemic stroke：

the China National Stroke Registry[J]. Stroke，2011，

42：2758-2762.

22 Khoury JC，Kleindorfer D，Alwell K，et al. Diabetes

mellitus：a risk factor for ischemic stroke in a large

biracial population[J]. Stroke，2013，44：1500-1504.

23 Ge nt i le NT，Sef tchick MW，Huynh T，e t a l .

Decreased mortality by normalizing blood glucose

after acute ischemic stroke[J]. Acad Emerg Med，2006，13：174-180.

24 Gillett MJ. International Expert Committee report on

the role of the A1c assay in the diagnosis of diabetes：

Diabetes Care 2009[J]. Clin Biochem Rev，2009，30：

197-200.

25 American Diabetes Association. Diagnosis and

classification of diabetes mellitus[J]. Diabetes Care，

2013，36：S67-S74.

26 Singh AS，Atam V，Chaudhary SC，et al. Relation of

glycated hemoglobin with carotid atherosclerosis in

ischemic stroke patients：An observational study in

Indian population[J]. Ann Indian Acad Neurol，2013，

16：185-189.

27 Williams LS，Rotich J，Qi R，et al. Effects of

admission hyperglycemia on mortality and costs in

acute ischemic stroke[J]. Neurology，2002，59：67-71.

28 Li H，Kang Z，Qiu W，et al. Hemoglobin A1C is

independently associated with severity and prognosis

of brainstem infarctions[J]. J Neurol Sci，2012，317：

87-91.

29 Luitse MJ，Biessels GJ，Rutten GE，et al. Diabetes，

hyperglycaemia，and acute ischaemic stroke[J].

Lancet Neurol，2012，11：261-271.

30 Ga rg R，Chaudhur i A，Munschauer F，e t a l .

Hyperglycemia，insulin，and acute ischemic stroke：a

mechanistic justification for a trial of insulin infusion

therapy[J]. Stroke，2006，37：267-273.

31 Sweetnam D，Holmes A，Tennant KA，et al. Diabetes

impairs cortical plasticity and functional recovery

following ischemic stroke[J]. J Neurosci，2012，32：

5132-5143.

32 Rehni AK，Naut iyal N，Perez-Pinzon MA，et

a l . Hy pe rglyc emia / hy poglyc emia- i nduc ed

mitochondrial dysfunction and cerebral ischemic

damage in diabetics[J]. Metab Brain Dis，2015，30：

437-447.

33 Kagansky N，Levy S，Knobler H. The role of

hyperglycemia in acute stroke[J]. Arch Neurol，2001，

58：1209-1212.

34 Prakash R，Li W，Qu Z，et al. Vascularization pattern

after ischemic stroke is different in control versus

diabetic rats：relevance to stroke recovery[J]. Stroke，

2013，44：2875-2882.

35 Di n g G，Ya n T，Che n J，e t a l . Pe r s i s t e nt

cerebrovascular damage after stroke in type two

diabetic rats measured by magnetic resonance

imaging[J]. Stroke，2015，46：507-512.

36 Sunaga K，Miura K，Naruse Y，et al. Glycated

hemoglobin and r isk of st roke，ischemic and

hemor rhagic，in Japanese men and women[J].

Cerebrovasc Dis，2008，26：310-316.

37 Wu S，Wang C，Jia Q，et al. HbA1c is associated with

increased all-cause mortality in the first year after acute

ischemic stroke[J]. Neurol Res，2014，36：444-452.

38 Lei C，Wu B，Liu M，et al. Association between

hemoglobin A1C levels and clinical outcome in

ischemic stroke patients with or without diabetes[J]. J

Clin Neurosci，2015，22：498-503.

39 Shin SB，Kim TU，Hyun JK，et al. The prediction of

clinical outcome using Hba1c in acute ischemic stroke

of the deep branch of middle cerebral artery[J]. Ann

Rehabil Med，2015，39：1011-1017.