Table of Content

20 April 2007, Volume 2 Issue 04

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论著

Pravastatin Regulates Presenilin-1 Expression in Rat Hippocampus during Chronic Cerebrovascular Insufficiency

HU Chen-xia;XU Jun;SUN Yong-an;et al.

2007, 2(04):  13-16. 

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Objective To investigate the effect of pravastatin on the presenilin-1 (PS-1) expression in rathippocampus during chronic cerebrovascular insufficiency (CVI).Methods Total 36 male Wistar rats between 8 to 10 months were randomly assigned to 7 ofnormal diet group. Hyperlipidemia rats established by feeding high-fat diet were subassigned to 6of pseudo-operation group, 7 of pravastatin group, 7 of CVI group, and 9 of CVI plus pravastatingroup. After 2 months of the permanent of bilateral occlusion of both common carotid arteries, allrats were sacrificed for the serum lipid analysis and ELISA for the β amyloid (Aβ) from plasma andbrain tissue. Total cholesterol(TC), triglyceride(TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C),low density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C) were determined and levels of presenilin 1 inhippocampus tissues were analyzed by Western Blot.Results High-fat diet elevated the levels of TC, TG, and LDL-C. Pravastatin decreased TCalmost to the normal level, but not for TG. LDL-C could be decreased substantially. Comparedwith unchanged level of the plasma β amyloid in all groups, those hyperlipidemia rats showedmildly elevated Aβ in brain tissue. More importantly, Aβ in brain tissue of CVI rats increasedstatistically(P<0.01), and it could be downregulated by pravastatin significantly(P<0.01). WesternBlot results showed that high-fat diet caused the elevated PS-1 and pravastatin strongly inhibited itin both groups.Conclusion Pravastatin can decrease the over-produced Aβ in brain tissue as well as regulate theexpression of PS-1. So it would be effective in prevention and treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.

Study on Antithrombotic Management and Its Effect Factors of Ischemic Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack: A Cross-Sectional Survey of Consecutive Cases in 7 Cities of China

PRESSChina Registry investigators

2007, 2(04):  17-23. 

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Objective To assess the current status of antithrombotic drug use (including anticoagulant agentsand antiplatelet drugs) in patients with ischemic stroke(IS) or transient ischemic attack(TIA) inChina and to analyze the possible factors that may affect the use of these drugs.Methods A cross-sectional survey was performed to investigate the administration ofantithrombotic drugs in patients with IS or TIA from July 01 to August 15, 2006. All subjectsselected for the study represented consecutive cases diagnosed with IS or TIA at neurologicalclinics in major metropolitan cities in China. A total of 2283 IS or TIA patients from 19 hospitalswere included in the survey.Results Among 2283 patients, 75.6% were treated with antiplatelet drugs. A total of 71.9% patientsused aspirin, 4.2% used aspirin + clopidogrel, and 7.3% used clopidogrel. In addition, 81 of the ISor TIA patients had atrial fibrillation (AF), and 17.3% of these patients were treated with warfarin.Medical insurance (odds ratio [OR] 1.473, 95% confidence interval [CI ] 1.088–1.994), Medicaid (OR1.632, 95%CI 1.029–2.589), monthly income greater than RMB 500 yuan (OR 2.136, 95% CI 1.508–3.026), hypertension (OR 1.463, 95%CI 1.159–1.847), and lipid metabolism disorders (OR 1.499,95% CI 1.187–1.893) were predictors of antiplatelet drug treatment. In contrast, an age of 75 years orolder (OR 0.701, 95% CI 0.498–0.988) and a modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score of 4–5 (OR 0.684,95% CI 0.486–0.965) were predictors of antiplatelet drug non-use.Conclusion Current status of antithrombotic treatment among IS or TIA patients in the hospitals ofmajor metropolitan cities in China is inadequate. Effective strategies must be implemented to closethe gap between clinical guidelines and practice.

Effect of Carotid Atherosclerotic Plaque on Cerebral Perfusion in Patients with Severe Carotid Artery Stenosis

LOU Xin;MA Lin;CAI You-quan;et al.

2007, 2(04):  24-28. 

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Objective To compare the cerebral perfusion of the stable and vulnerable carotid atheroscleroticplaque for the patients with internal carotid artery(ICA) stenosis ranging from 70% to 99%.Methods Total 30 patients with unilateral carotid artery stenosis ranging form 70% to 99% wereselected to be scanned with perfusion weighted imaging(PWI). On the mean transition time(MTT),regional cerebral blood flow(rCBF) and regional cerebral blood volume(rCBV) map, the region ofinterest (ROI) was placed on the brain hemisphere, frontal lobe, parietal lobe, centrum semiovale,anterior cortical watershed and posterior cortical watershed. The MTT, rCBF and rCBV ratio of thepatients were calculated as stenotic side against contralateral side. Based on the status of the fibrouscap, with/without hemorrhage, superficial calcification, large lipid core, we divided the carotidplaque into two groups: stable and unstable plaque. The cerebral PWI of these two groups wereevaluated.Results The MTT ratios of the anterior cortical watershed and posterior cortical watershed wereprolonged significantly in unstable group compared with stable group(t =1.561, P =0.042 and t =1.227,P =0.038), but the rCBF, rCBV were not changed obviously. There were no significantly difference inthe MTT, rCBF and rCBV ratio of the brain hemisphere, frontal lobe, parietal lobe, centrum semiovalebetween the stable and unstable group.Conclusion The stability of the carotid atherosclerotic plaque has close relationship with theperfusion of relative cortical watershed region, and MTT is the most sensitive parameter to detectthe unilateral hypoperfusion.

Temporal and Spatial Distributions of Astrocytes after Permanent Local Cerebral Ischemia

FU Xue-jun;CHU Xiao-fan;QI Chuan-jie;et al.

2007, 2(04):  29-33. 

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Objective To observe the temporal and spatial distributions of astrocytes after permanent localcerebral ischemia.Methods Total 54 male SD rats were selected and randomly divided into 2 groups, sham-operationgroup and operation group. Depending on the time point from 3 hours to 48 hours, the operationrats were divided into 5 subgroups. Animal model of focal cerebral ischemia was established bynylon suture embolization and cerclage. The brain samples of each group were obtained at 3 h, 6 h,12 h, 24 h and 48 h after embolization, respectively. Morphologic changes after hematoxylin andeosin(HE) dying, TdT-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) and glial fibrillary acidicprotein(GFAP) immunohistochemistry analysis were observed. Imaging analysis technique wasused to detect the temporal and spatial distributions of the astrocytes in each animal.Results As ischemic condition continued, both TUNEL and GFAP positive cells decreased in the corearea of cerebral ischemia. And in the marginal area, the TUNEL positive cells increased with timepassing by, while at 12-hour time point, the GFAP positive cells decreased mostly and then increasedslowly.Conclusion At the time point of 12 hour of cerebral ischemia in the marginal area, the temporal andspatial distributions of astrocytes are not coincided with those of astrocytes in core area, which maymean that during different period of cerebral ischemia, astrocytes may play different roles.

综述

Progress in Lipid Modifying Effect of Anti-atherosclerosis Anti-oxidant Agents

ZHANG Zhi-gang

2007, 2(04):  70-73. 

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Lipid modifying agents include 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A ( HMGCoA ) inhibitor, phenoxy acetic acid derivative( fibrate), nicotinic acid and bile acid sequestrantwhich have different characteristics. HMG CoA inhibitor is the most used modifying agent. Antioxidantagents include natural antioxidant, such as vitamin C, vitamin E and β-carotene, andsynthetic antioxidant, fox example, probucol which is supported by considerable evidence-basedstudies. Thereby, we should depend on the results of evidence-based medicine, safety, efficiencyand economy when choosing lipid modifying agents and anti-atherosclerosis anti-oxidant agents.

Advances in Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor for Cerebral Infarction Treatment

YUAN Xia;ZHANG Shi-ming

2007, 2(04):  74-78. 

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Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor(G-CSF)is mainly used to treat neutropeniainduced by all causes. Recent investigations indicate that G-CSF can be used in cardio-protectiveand neuroprotective field. This article discusses the G-CSF’s origin, structure, source, signaltransducer pathway and neuroprotective mechanism. G-CSF and its receptor are expressed in ratbrain. In animal model of cerebral ischemia, G-CSF can reduce infarct volume and improve neuralfunctional recovery. The mechanism of these effects may include anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptosis,enhancing angiogenesis and neurogenesis.

Natriuretic Peptide and Intracerebral Hemorrhage

HE Wei;JIN Xue-mong

2007, 2(04):  79-82. 

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A brief non-inclusive review on natriuretic peptides (NPs), their receptors, andtheir main functional properties with intracerebral hemorrhage is presented. Five NPs have beenidentified, A-type, B-type, C-type, D-type and V-type. Some evidences have suggested that NPcould reduce the injury of intracerebral hemorrhage and the possible interpretations have beenpresent in the review.

Cerebral Ischemic Injury and Regeneration of Neural Stem Cells

HOU Tie-jun;CHENG Yan.

2007, 2(04):  83-87. 

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Cerebral ischemia can induce neurogenesis in the adult mammalian brain, whichprobably has therapeutic potentialities. In this review we focus on the proliferation, migration,differentiation and integration of neural stem cells following cerebral ischemia, and we also discussthe important role of vascular niche, neurogenesis in the subventricular zone, the dentate gyrus andother brain regions, and neurogenesis in the aged brain.