[1] NKOMO V T，GARDIN J M，SKELTON T N，et

al. Burden of valvular heart diseases：a populationbased

study[J]. Lancet，2006，368（9540）：1005-

1011.

[2] BACH D S，SIAO D，GIRARD S E，et al.

Evaluation of patients with severe symptomatic

aortic stenosis who do not undergo aortic valve

replacement：the potential role of subjectively

overestimated operativerisk[J]. Circ Cardiovasc Qual

Outcomes，2009，2（6）：533-539.

[3] CRIBIER A，ELTCHANINOFF H，BASH A，et al.

Percutaneous transcatheter implantation of an aortic

valve prosthesis for calcific aortic stenosis：first

human case description[J]. Circulation，2002，106

（24）：3006-3008.

[4] MESSÉS R，ACKER M A，KASNER S E，et al.

Stroke after aortic valve surgery：results from a

prospective cohort[J]. Circulation，2014，129（22）：

2253-2261.

[5] O’BRIEN S M，SHAHIAN D M，FILARDO

G，et al. The Society of Thoracic Surgeons 2008

cardiac surgery risk models：part 2--isolated valve

surgery[J/OL]. Ann Thorac Surg，2009，88（1

Suppl）：23-42. https：//linkinghub.elsevier.com/

retrieve/pii/S0003497509010595. DOI：10.1016/

j.athoracsur.2009.05.056.

[6] HAMM C W，MOLLMANN H，HOLZHEY D，et

al. The German Aortic Valve Registry（GARY）：inhospital

outcome[J]. Eur Heart J，2014，35（24）：

1588-1598.

[7] ElBARDISSI A W，SHEKAR P，COUPER G S，et

al. Minimally invasive aortic valve replacement in

octogenarian，high-risk，transcatheter aortic valve

implantation candidates[J]. J Thorac Cardiovasc

Surg，2011，141（2）：328-335.

[8] THOURANI V H，AILAWADI G，SZETO W Y，et

al. Outcomes of surgical aortic valve replacement in

high-risk patients：a multiinstitutional study[J]. Ann

Thorac Surg，2011，91（1）：49-55.

[9] LIKOSKY D S，SORENSEN M J，DACEY L J，et al. Long-term survival of the very elderly undergoing

aortic valve surgery[J/OL]. Circulation，2009，

120（11 Suppl）：127-133. https：//doi.org/10.1161/

CIRCULATIONAHA.108.842641.

[10] SMITH C R，LEON M B，MACK M J，et

al. Transcatheter versus surgical aortic-valve

replacement in high-risk patients[J]. N Engl J Med，

2011，364（23）：2187-2198.

[11] MACK M J，LEON M B，SMITH C R，et al. 5-Year

outcomes of transcatheter aortic valve replacement

or surgicalaortic valve replacement for high surgical

risk patients with aortic stenosis（PARTNER 1）：a

randomised controlled trial[J]. Lancet，2015，385

（9986）：2477-2484.

[12] THOMAS M，SCHYMIK G，WALTHER T，et

al. One-year outcomes of cohort 1 in the Edwards

SAPIEN Aortic Bioprosthesis European Outcome

（SOURCE）registry：the European registry of

transcatheter aortic valve implantation using the

Edwards SAPIEN valve[J]. Circulation，2011，124

（4）：425-433.

[13] MACK M J，BRENNAN J M，BRINDIS R，et

al. Outcomes following transcatheter aortic valve

replacement in the United States[J]. JAMA，2013，

310（19）：2069-2077.

[14] GILARD M，ELTCHANINOFF H，IUNG B，et al.

Registry of transcatheter aortic-valve implantation in

high-risk patients[J]. N Engl J Med，2012，366（18）：

1705-1715.

[15] MOAT N E，LUDMAN P，DE BELDER M A，et

al. Long-term outcomes after transcatheter aortic

valve implantation in high-risk patients with severe

aortic stenosis：the U. K. TAVI（United Kingdom

Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation）Registry[J].

J Am Coll Cardiol，2011，58（20）：2130-2138.

[16] ZHAO Q M，LOGNONE T，lVASCAU C，et

al. Procedural results and 30-day clinical events

analysis following Edwards transcatheter aortic

valve implantation in 48 consecutive patients：initial

experience[J]. Clin Med J（Engl），2012，125（16）：

2807-2810.

[17] HE W，HUANG R R，SHI Q Y，et al．Bispectral

index-guided sedation in transfemoral transcatheter

aortic valve implantation：a retrospective control

study [J]. J Zhejiang Univ-Sci B（Biomed &

Biotechnol），2017，18（4）：353-359.

[18] IOANNIS M，MIKKEL M S，GEORGE D D，et al.

Stroke After Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement：

Incidence，Risk Factors，Prognosis，and Preventive

Strategies[J]. Clin Cardiol，2014，37（12）：756-764.

[19] JAKOBSEN L，TERKELSEN C J，

SØNDERGAARD L，et al. Short- and long-term

mortality and stroke risk after transcatheter aortic

valve implantation[J]. Am J Cardiol，2018，121（1）：

78-85.

[20] TAY E L，GURVITCH R，WIJESINGHE N，et al.

A high-risk periodfor cerebrovascular events exists

after transcatheter aortic valve implantation[J].

JACC Cardiovasc Interv，2011，4（12）：1290-1297.

[21] MILLER D C，BLACKSTONE E H，MACK M J，

et al. Transcatheter（TAVR）versus surgical（AVR）

aortic valve replacement：occurrence，hazard，risk

factors，and consequences of neurologic events in

the PARTNER trial[J]. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg，

2012，14（3）：832-843.

[22] ADAMS D H，POPMA J J，REARDON M J.

Transcatheter aortic-valve replacement with a selfexpanding

prosthesis[J]. N Engl J Med，2014，371

（10）：967-968.

[23] KAHLERT P，KNIPP S C，SCHLAMANN M，et

al. Silent and apparent cerebral ischemia after

percutaneous transfemoral aortic valve implantation：

a diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging

study[J]. Circulation，2010，121（7）：870-878.

[24] STORTECKY S，WINDECKER S. Stroke：an

infrequent but devastating complication in

cardiovascular interventions[J]. Circulation，2012，

126（25）：2921-2924.

[25] ALASSAR A，ROY D，VALENCIA O，et al.

Cerebral Embolization during transcatheter aortic

valve implantation compared with surgical aortic

valve replacement[J/OL]. Interact Cardio Vasc

Thorac Surg，2013，17（2）：S134-S135. https：//doi.

org/10.1093/icvts/ivt372.268.

[26] VAN DER LINDEN J，CASIMIR-AHN H. When do

cerebral emboli appear during open heart operations?

A transcranial Doppler study[J]. Ann Thorac Surg，

1991，51（2）：237-241.

[27] VAN MIEGHEM N M，SCHIPPER M E，LADICH

E，et al. Histopathology of embolic debris captured

during transcatheter aortic valve replacement[J].

Circulation，2013，127（22）：2194-2201.

[28] HYNES B G，ROD ES-CABAU J. Transcatheter

aortic valve implantation and cerebrovascular events：

the current state of the art[J/OL]. Ann N Y Acad Sci，

2012，1254：151-163. https：//doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-

6632.2012.06477.x.

[29] MARECHAUX S，CORSEAUX D，VINCENTELLI

A，et al. Identification of tissue factor in

experimental aortic valve sclerosis[J]. Cardiovasc

Pathol，2009，18（2）：67-76.

[30] NOMBELA-FRANCO L，WEBB J G，DE JAEGERE P P，et al. Timing，predictive factors，and

prognostic value of cerebrovascular eventsin a large

cohort of patients undergoing transcatheter aortic

valve implantation[J]. Circulation，2012，126（25）：

3041-3053.

[31] WOLF P A，D’AGOSTINO R B，BELANGER A

J，et al. Probability of stroke：a risk profile from the

Framingham Study[J]. Stroke，1991，22（3）：312-318.

[32] NISHIMURA R A，OTTO C M，BONOW R O，et

al. 2017 AHA/ACC focused update of the 2014 AHA/

ACC guideline for the management of patients with

valvular heart disease：a report of the American

College of Cardiology/American Heart Association

Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines[J]. J Am

Coll Cardiol，2017，70（2）：252-289.

[33] WHITLOCK R P，SUN J C，FREMES S E，et al.

Antithrombotic and thrombolytic therapy for valvular

disease：Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention

of Thrombosis，9th ed：American College of

Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice

Guidelines[J/OL]. Chest，2012，141（2 Suppl）：576-

600. https：//linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/

S0012369212601329. DOI：10.1378/chest.11-2305.

[34] TURPIE A G，GENT M，LAUPACIS A，et al. A

comparison of aspirin with placebo in patients treated

with warfarin after heart-valve replacement[J]. N Engl

J Med，1993，329（8）：524-529.

[35] EIKELBOOM J W，CONNOLLY S J，

BRUECKMANN M，et al. RE-ALIGN Investigators.

Dabigatran versus warfarin in patients with

mechanical heart valves[J]. N Engl J Med，2013，369

（13）：1206-1214.

[36] RIAZ H，ALANSARI S A，KHAN M S，et al.

Safety and use of anticoagulation after aortic valve

replacement with bioprostheses：a meta-analysis[J].

Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes，2016，9（3）：294-

302.

[37] BOLOTIN G，HUBER C H，SHANI L，et al. Novel

emboli protection system during cardiac surgery[J].

Ann Thorac Surg，2014，98（5）：1627-1633.

[38] MACK M J，ACKER M A，GELIJNS A C，et al.

Effect of cerebral embolic protection devices on

CNS infarction in surgical aortic valve replacement

a randomized clinical trial[J]. JAMA，2017，318（6）：

536-547.

[39] USSIA G P，SCARABELLI M，MULE M，et

al. Dual antiplatelet therapy versus aspirin alone

in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve

implantation[J]. Am J Cardiol，2011，108（12）：

1772-1776.

[40] DURAND E，BLANCHARD D，CHASSAING

S，et al. Comparison of two antiplatelet therapy

strategies in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic

valve implantation[J]. Am J Cardiol，2014，113（2）：

355-360.

[41] OTTO C M，DHARAM J K，KAREN P，et al.

2017 ACC expert consensus decision pathway

for transcatheter aortic valve replacement in the

management of adults with aortic stenosis：a report

of the American College of Cardiology Task Force

on Clinical Expert Consensus Documents[J]. J Am

Coll Cardiol，2017，69（10）：1313-1346.

[42] CHAKRAVARTY T，SøNDERGAARD L，

FRIEDMAN J，et al. Subclinical leaflet thrombosis

in surgical and transcatheter bioprosthetic aortic

valves：an observational study[J]. The Lancet，2017，

389（10087）：2383-2392.

[43] MAKKAR R R，FONTANA G，JILAIHAWI

H，et al. Possible subclinical leaflet thrombosis in

bioprosthetic aortic valves[J]. N Engl J Med，2015，

373（16）：2015-2024.

[44] MERIE C，KOBER L，SKOVOLSEN P，et al.

Association of warfarin therapy duration after

bioprosthetic aortic valve replacement with risk

of mortality，thromboembolic complications，and

bleeding[J]. JAMA，2012，308（20）：2118-2125.

[45] KALICH B A，ALLENDER J E，HOLLIS I B.

Medication Management of Patients Undergoing

Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement[J].

Pharmacotherapy，2018，38（1）：122-138.

[46] VAN MIEGHEM N M，TCHETCHE D，CHIEFFO

A，et al. Incidence，predictors，and implications

of access site complications with transfemoral

transcatheter aortic valve implantation[J]. Am J

Cardiol，2012，110（9）：1361-1367.

[47] GHANEM A，KOCUREK J，SINNING J M，et al.

Novel approaches for prevention of stroke related to

transcatheter aortic valve implantation[J]. Expert

Rev Cardiovasc Ther，2013，11（10）：1311-1320.

[48] ABDUL-JAWAD ALTISENT O，PURI R，RODESCABEAU

J. Embolic protection devices during TAVI：

current evidence and uncertainties[J]. Rev Esp

Cardiol（Engl Ed），2016，69（10）：962-972.